/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.google.common.primitives;

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkElementIndex;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkPositionIndexes;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.AbstractList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.RandomAccess;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;

/**
 * Static utility methods pertaining to {@code char} primitives, that are not
 * already found in either {@link Character} or {@link Arrays}.
 *
 * <p>
 * All the operations in this class treat {@code char} values strictly
 * numerically; they are neither Unicode-aware nor locale-dependent.
 *
 * <p>
 * See the Guava User Guide article on
 * <a href= "http://code.google.com/p/guava-libraries/wiki/PrimitivesExplained">
 * primitive utilities</a>.
 *
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 * @since 1.0
 */
@GwtCompatible(emulated = true)
public final class Chars {
	@GwtCompatible
	private static class CharArrayAsList extends AbstractList<Character> implements RandomAccess, Serializable {
		private static final long serialVersionUID = 0;
		final char[] array;
		final int start;

		final int end;

		CharArrayAsList(char[] array) {
			this(array, 0, array.length);
		}

		CharArrayAsList(char[] array, int start, int end) {
			this.array = array;
			this.start = start;
			this.end = end;
		}

		@Override
		public boolean contains(Object target) {
			// Overridden to prevent a ton of boxing
			return (target instanceof Character) && Chars.indexOf(array, (Character) target, start, end) != -1;
		}

		@Override
		public boolean equals(Object object) {
			if (object == this) {
				return true;
			}
			if (object instanceof CharArrayAsList) {
				CharArrayAsList that = (CharArrayAsList) object;
				int size = size();
				if (that.size() != size) {
					return false;
				}
				for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
					if (array[start + i] != that.array[that.start + i]) {
						return false;
					}
				}
				return true;
			}
			return super.equals(object);
		}

		@Override
		public Character get(int index) {
			checkElementIndex(index, size());
			return array[start + index];
		}

		@Override
		public int hashCode() {
			int result = 1;
			for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
				result = 31 * result + Chars.hashCode(array[i]);
			}
			return result;
		}

		@Override
		public int indexOf(Object target) {
			// Overridden to prevent a ton of boxing
			if (target instanceof Character) {
				int i = Chars.indexOf(array, (Character) target, start, end);
				if (i >= 0) {
					return i - start;
				}
			}
			return -1;
		}

		@Override
		public boolean isEmpty() {
			return false;
		}

		@Override
		public int lastIndexOf(Object target) {
			// Overridden to prevent a ton of boxing
			if (target instanceof Character) {
				int i = Chars.lastIndexOf(array, (Character) target, start, end);
				if (i >= 0) {
					return i - start;
				}
			}
			return -1;
		}

		@Override
		public Character set(int index, Character element) {
			checkElementIndex(index, size());
			char oldValue = array[start + index];
			// checkNotNull for GWT (do not optimize)
			array[start + index] = checkNotNull(element);
			return oldValue;
		}

		@Override
		public int size() {
			return end - start;
		}

		@Override
		public List<Character> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
			int size = size();
			checkPositionIndexes(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
			if (fromIndex == toIndex) {
				return Collections.emptyList();
			}
			return new CharArrayAsList(array, start + fromIndex, start + toIndex);
		}

		char[] toCharArray() {
			// Arrays.copyOfRange() is not available under GWT
			int size = size();
			char[] result = new char[size];
			System.arraycopy(array, start, result, 0, size);
			return result;
		}

		@Override
		public String toString() {
			StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(size() * 3);
			builder.append('[').append(array[start]);
			for (int i = start + 1; i < end; i++) {
				builder.append(", ").append(array[i]);
			}
			return builder.append(']').toString();
		}
	}

	private enum LexicographicalComparator implements Comparator<char[]> {
		INSTANCE;

		@Override
		public int compare(char[] left, char[] right) {
			int minLength = Math.min(left.length, right.length);
			for (int i = 0; i < minLength; i++) {
				int result = Chars.compare(left[i], right[i]);
				if (result != 0) {
					return result;
				}
			}
			return left.length - right.length;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * The number of bytes required to represent a primitive {@code char} value.
	 */
	public static final int BYTES = Character.SIZE / Byte.SIZE;

	/**
	 * Returns a fixed-size list backed by the specified array, similar to
	 * {@link Arrays#asList(Object[])}. The list supports
	 * {@link List#set(int, Object)}, but any attempt to set a value to {@code null}
	 * will result in a {@link NullPointerException}.
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The returned list maintains the values, but not the identities, of
	 * {@code Character} objects written to or read from it. For example, whether
	 * {@code list.get(0) == list.get(0)} is true for the returned list is
	 * unspecified.
	 *
	 * @param backingArray the array to back the list
	 * @return a list view of the array
	 */
	public static List<Character> asList(char... backingArray) {
		if (backingArray.length == 0) {
			return Collections.emptyList();
		}
		return new CharArrayAsList(backingArray);
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the {@code char} value that is equal to {@code value}, if possible.
	 *
	 * @param value any value in the range of the {@code char} type
	 * @return the {@code char} value that equals {@code value}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code value} is greater than
	 *                                  {@link Character#MAX_VALUE} or less than
	 *                                  {@link Character#MIN_VALUE}
	 */
	public static char checkedCast(long value) {
		char result = (char) value;
		if (result != value) {
			// don't use checkArgument here, to avoid boxing
			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Out of range: " + value);
		}
		return result;
	}

	/**
	 * Compares the two specified {@code char} values. The sign of the value
	 * returned is the same as that of {@code ((Character) a).compareTo(b)}.
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * <b>Note:</b> projects using JDK 7 or later should use the equivalent
	 * {@link Character#compare} method instead.
	 *
	 * @param a the first {@code char} to compare
	 * @param b the second {@code char} to compare
	 * @return a negative value if {@code a} is less than {@code b}; a positive
	 *         value if {@code a} is greater than {@code b}; or zero if they are
	 *         equal
	 */
	public static int compare(char a, char b) {
		return a - b; // safe due to restricted range
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the values from each provided array combined into a single array. For
	 * example, {@code concat(new char[] {a, b}, new char[] {}, new char[] {c}}
	 * returns the array {@code {a, b, c}}.
	 *
	 * @param arrays zero or more {@code char} arrays
	 * @return a single array containing all the values from the source arrays, in
	 *         order
	 */
	public static char[] concat(char[]... arrays) {
		int length = 0;
		for (char[] array : arrays) {
			length += array.length;
		}
		char[] result = new char[length];
		int pos = 0;
		for (char[] array : arrays) {
			System.arraycopy(array, 0, result, pos, array.length);
			pos += array.length;
		}
		return result;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns {@code true} if {@code target} is present as an element anywhere in
	 * {@code array}.
	 *
	 * @param array  an array of {@code char} values, possibly empty
	 * @param target a primitive {@code char} value
	 * @return {@code true} if {@code array[i] == target} for some value of {@code
	 *     i}
	 */
	public static boolean contains(char[] array, char target) {
		for (char value : array) {
			if (value == target) {
				return true;
			}
		}
		return false;
	}

	// Arrays.copyOf() requires Java 6
	private static char[] copyOf(char[] original, int length) {
		char[] copy = new char[length];
		System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0, Math.min(original.length, length));
		return copy;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an array containing the same values as {@code array}, but guaranteed
	 * to be of a specified minimum length. If {@code array} already has a length of
	 * at least {@code minLength}, it is returned directly. Otherwise, a new array
	 * of size {@code minLength + padding} is returned, containing the values of
	 * {@code array}, and zeroes in the remaining places.
	 *
	 * @param array     the source array
	 * @param minLength the minimum length the returned array must guarantee
	 * @param padding   an extra amount to "grow" the array by if growth is
	 *                  necessary
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code minLength} or {@code padding} is
	 *                                  negative
	 * @return an array containing the values of {@code array}, with guaranteed
	 *         minimum length {@code minLength}
	 */
	public static char[] ensureCapacity(char[] array, int minLength, int padding) {
		checkArgument(minLength >= 0, "Invalid minLength: %s", minLength);
		checkArgument(padding >= 0, "Invalid padding: %s", padding);
		return (array.length < minLength) ? copyOf(array, minLength + padding) : array;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a hash code for {@code value}; equal to the result of invoking
	 * {@code ((Character) value).hashCode()}.
	 *
	 * @param value a primitive {@code char} value
	 * @return a hash code for the value
	 */
	public static int hashCode(char value) {
		return value;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the index of the first appearance of the value {@code target} in
	 * {@code array}.
	 *
	 * @param array  an array of {@code char} values, possibly empty
	 * @param target a primitive {@code char} value
	 * @return the least index {@code i} for which {@code array[i] == target}, or
	 *         {@code -1} if no such index exists.
	 */
	public static int indexOf(char[] array, char target) {
		return indexOf(array, target, 0, array.length);
	}

	// TODO(kevinb): consider making this public
	private static int indexOf(char[] array, char target, int start, int end) {
		for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
			if (array[i] == target) {
				return i;
			}
		}
		return -1;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the start position of the first occurrence of the specified {@code
	 * target} within {@code array}, or {@code -1} if there is no such occurrence.
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * More formally, returns the lowest index {@code i} such that {@code
	 * java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(array, i, i + target.length)} contains exactly
	 * the same elements as {@code target}.
	 *
	 * @param array  the array to search for the sequence {@code target}
	 * @param target the array to search for as a sub-sequence of {@code array}
	 */
	public static int indexOf(char[] array, char[] target) {
		checkNotNull(array, "array");
		checkNotNull(target, "target");
		if (target.length == 0) {
			return 0;
		}

		outer: for (int i = 0; i < array.length - target.length + 1; i++) {
			for (int j = 0; j < target.length; j++) {
				if (array[i + j] != target[j]) {
					continue outer;
				}
			}
			return i;
		}
		return -1;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a string containing the supplied {@code char} values separated by
	 * {@code separator}. For example, {@code join("-", '1', '2', '3')} returns the
	 * string {@code "1-2-3"}.
	 *
	 * @param separator the text that should appear between consecutive values in
	 *                  the resulting string (but not at the start or end)
	 * @param array     an array of {@code char} values, possibly empty
	 */
	public static String join(String separator, char... array) {
		checkNotNull(separator);
		int len = array.length;
		if (len == 0) {
			return "";
		}

		StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(len + separator.length() * (len - 1));
		builder.append(array[0]);
		for (int i = 1; i < len; i++) {
			builder.append(separator).append(array[i]);
		}
		return builder.toString();
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the index of the last appearance of the value {@code target} in
	 * {@code array}.
	 *
	 * @param array  an array of {@code char} values, possibly empty
	 * @param target a primitive {@code char} value
	 * @return the greatest index {@code i} for which {@code array[i] == target}, or
	 *         {@code -1} if no such index exists.
	 */
	public static int lastIndexOf(char[] array, char target) {
		return lastIndexOf(array, target, 0, array.length);
	}

	// TODO(kevinb): consider making this public
	private static int lastIndexOf(char[] array, char target, int start, int end) {
		for (int i = end - 1; i >= start; i--) {
			if (array[i] == target) {
				return i;
			}
		}
		return -1;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a comparator that compares two {@code char} arrays lexicographically.
	 * That is, it compares, using {@link #compare(char, char)}), the first pair of
	 * values that follow any common prefix, or when one array is a prefix of the
	 * other, treats the shorter array as the lesser. For example,
	 * {@code [] < ['a'] < ['a', 'b'] < ['b']}.
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The returned comparator is inconsistent with {@link Object#equals(Object)}
	 * (since arrays support only identity equality), but it is consistent with
	 * {@link Arrays#equals(char[], char[])}.
	 *
	 * @see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographical_order">
	 *      Lexicographical order article at Wikipedia</a>
	 * @since 2.0
	 */
	public static Comparator<char[]> lexicographicalComparator() {
		return LexicographicalComparator.INSTANCE;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the greatest value present in {@code array}.
	 *
	 * @param array a <i>nonempty</i> array of {@code char} values
	 * @return the value present in {@code array} that is greater than or equal to
	 *         every other value in the array
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	 */
	public static char max(char... array) {
		checkArgument(array.length > 0);
		char max = array[0];
		for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
			if (array[i] > max) {
				max = array[i];
			}
		}
		return max;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the least value present in {@code array}.
	 *
	 * @param array a <i>nonempty</i> array of {@code char} values
	 * @return the value present in {@code array} that is less than or equal to
	 *         every other value in the array
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	 */
	public static char min(char... array) {
		checkArgument(array.length > 0);
		char min = array[0];
		for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
			if (array[i] < min) {
				min = array[i];
			}
		}
		return min;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the {@code char} nearest in value to {@code value}.
	 *
	 * @param value any {@code long} value
	 * @return the same value cast to {@code char} if it is in the range of the
	 *         {@code char} type, {@link Character#MAX_VALUE} if it is too large, or
	 *         {@link Character#MIN_VALUE} if it is too small
	 */
	public static char saturatedCast(long value) {
		if (value > Character.MAX_VALUE) {
			return Character.MAX_VALUE;
		}
		if (value < Character.MIN_VALUE) {
			return Character.MIN_VALUE;
		}
		return (char) value;
	}

	/**
	 * Copies a collection of {@code Character} instances into a new array of
	 * primitive {@code char} values.
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * Elements are copied from the argument collection as if by {@code
	 * collection.toArray()}. Calling this method is as thread-safe as calling that
	 * method.
	 *
	 * @param collection a collection of {@code Character} objects
	 * @return an array containing the same values as {@code collection}, in the
	 *         same order, converted to primitives
	 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code collection} or any of its elements is
	 *                              null
	 */
	public static char[] toArray(Collection<Character> collection) {
		if (collection instanceof CharArrayAsList) {
			return ((CharArrayAsList) collection).toCharArray();
		}

		Object[] boxedArray = collection.toArray();
		int len = boxedArray.length;
		char[] array = new char[len];
		for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
			// checkNotNull for GWT (do not optimize)
			array[i] = (Character) checkNotNull(boxedArray[i]);
		}
		return array;
	}

	private Chars() {
	}
}
